What are nanoparticles?

Nanoparticles (NPs) are typically defined as granular materials with at least one dimension at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) in three-dimensional space. From the dimensions of structure and morphology, nanoparticles can be classified into zero dimensional nanomaterials (0D nanomaterials), corresponding to one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. 0D nanoparticles are subject to size constraints in three-dimensional space, with typical representatives including metal nanoparticles, oxide nanoparticles, sulfide nanocrystals, etc. In addition, based on their composition, nanoparticles can be further subdivided into single component structures (such as pure metals, single oxides) and multi-component structures (such as core-shell structures, alloy nanoparticles, heterostructures, etc.), and their structural complexity directly affects their functional performance.

What is nanoparticle aggregation and dispersion?

Nanoparticle aggregation: refers to the phenomenon of primary nanoparticles forming larger particle aggregates through physical or chemical forces, usually manifested as size growth and a decrease in specific surface area. Agglomeration can be divided into two categories: reversible agglomeration and irreversible agglomeration. The former can be redispersed through external intervention such as ultrasound or solvent adjustment, while the latter is often caused by consolidation, sintering, or chemical bonding, making it difficult to restore the original dispersed state. Nanoparticle dispersion: refers to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles in liquid, solid, or gas media, maintaining effective spacing between particles, avoiding contact aggregation, and maintaining their monodispersity and high specific surface area state. Effective dispersion is a prerequisite for unleashing its nano effect.

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