Fullerene is the third allotrope in which elemental carbon is found. Any substance that consists of carbon as an element and exists in a spherical, elliptical, or tubular structure can be called fullerene. Fullerene refers to a class of substances. The structure of fullerene is similar to that of graphite, but the structure of graphite has only six-membered rings, and there may be five-membered rings in fullerenes. C60 was prepared by Robert Curl and others in 1985. In 1989, the experiments of German scientists Huffman and Kraetschmer confirmed the cage structure of C60, and the fullerenes discovered by physicists were pushed to a new stage of research by the scientific community. The structure of fullerene is similar to that of architect Fuller's masterpiece, so it is called fullerene.

Application direction
1. Superconductor
The c60 molecule itself is a non-conductive insulator, but when the alkali metal is embedded in the gap between the c60 molecule, the series of compounds of c60 and alkali metal will be converted into a superconductor, such as k3c60 is a superconductor, and has a very high superconducting critical temperature . Compared with oxide superconductors, c60 series superconductors have the advantages of perfect three-dimensional superconductivity, high current density, high stability, and easy to develop into wires. They are a class of valuable new superconducting materials.
2. Organic soft ferromagnet
Along with superconductivity, ferromagnetism is another peculiar characteristic of the physical world. Allemand et al. added excessive strong electron-donating organic matter tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (tdae) to the toluene solution of c60, and obtained a black crystallite precipitate of c60(tdae) 0.86. After magnetic study, it was shown to be a metal-free Soft ferromagnetic material. The Curie temperature is 16.1k, which is higher than that of other organic molecular ferromagnets reported so far. Since organic ferromagnets have important application value in magnetic memory materials, it is of great significance to research and develop c60 organic ferromagnets, especially to make magnets made of cheap carbon materials instead of expensive metal smelters.
3. Optical materials
Because of the three-dimensional highly non-localized (electronic conjugate structure in the c60 molecule, it has good optical and nonlinear optical properties. For example, its optical limitation can be used as an optical limiter in practical applications. c60 also has a relatively The characteristics of large nonlinear optical coefficient and high stability make it as a new type of nonlinear optical material with important research value, and it is expected to have applications in optical computing, optical memory, optical signal processing and control. In view of the frequency-doubling response and fluorescence phenomenon of c60 compounds, photoelectric switches and optical glasses based on the photoconductivity of c60 have been successfully developed. The c60-arachidic acid multilayer lb film prepared by mixing c60 with arachidic acid has optical accumulation and recording effects.
4. Functional polymer materials
Due to the special cage structure and function of c60, c60 was introduced into the polymer system as a new functional group to obtain a new functional polymer material with excellent electrical conductivity and optical properties. In principle, c60 can attract the main chain, side chain of polymers or be blended with other polymers. Nagashima et al. reported the first case of c60 organic polymer c60pdn and studied it experimentally and theoretically. Catalyzed the performance of diphenylacetylene hydrogenation, y.wany reported that the mixture of c60/c70 penetrated into the light-emitting polymer material polyvinyl carbazole (pvk) to obtain a new type of polymer photoconductor whose light guide performance can be compared with some Light guide materials are comparable. This photoconductive material is widely used in technologies such as electrostatic copying, electrostatic imaging, and light detection. Incorporating c60 into polymethyl methacrylate (pmma) can be a promising optical limiting material. In addition, the optical bistable behavior of c60-doped polystyrene has also been reported.
5. Bioactive materials
nelson et al. reported that c60 has potential tumor toxicity to the vole epidermis. Baier et al. believe that there is an interaction between c60 and superoxide anion. In 1993 Friedman et al theoretically predicted that certain c60 derivatives would have the effect of inhibiting the activity of human immunodeficiency protease HIVP, and the key to AIDS research is to effectively inhibit HIVP activity. Japanese scientists reported that a water-soluble c60 carboxy derivative has the ability to inhibit the growth of toxic cells and crack DNA under visible light irradiation, opening up broad prospects for the application of c60 derivatives in photodynamic therapy. In 1994, toniolo et al. reported a water-soluble c60-polypeptide derivative, which may have potential applications in both human mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Huang Wendong et al. prepared water-soluble c60-liposomes, It was found to have a strong killing effect on cancer cells. Taiwan scientists have reported that the polyhydroxyc60 derivative, fullerase, has the effect of phagocytosing the superoxide anion free radicals produced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase, and it also has an excellent scavenging effect on the hydroxyl radicals, which have a strong destructive ability. Taking advantage of the anti-radiation properties of the c60 molecule, injecting radioactive elements into a carbon cage and injecting them into cancerous sites can increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and reduce side effects.
6. Other applications
The derivative of c60 f60 commonly known as "Teflon" can be used as a "molecular ball" and "molecular lubricant" to play an important role in the development of high technology. Embedding lithium atoms in a carbon cage is expected to make a high-performance lithium battery. The rare earth element europium embedded in the carbon cage is expected to become a new rare earth luminescent material. The water-soluble gadolinium c60 derivative is expected to be a new type of nuclear magnetic contrast agent. C60 can be transformed into diamond under high pressure, opening up a new source of diamond. C60 and its derivatives may become a new type of catalyst and a new type of nano-molecular conductor wire, molecular pipette and whisker-reinforced composite material. The water-soluble host-guest complex formed by c60 and ((cyclodextrin, cycloaromatic hydrocarbons will play an important role in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and biomimetic chemistry.
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