Nanomaterials refer to materials in which at least one dimension in the three-dimensional space is in the nanoscale range or is composed of them as basic units. Nano-gold is a kind of nano-materials, which are nano-sized particles of gold, with a diameter generally between 1-100 nm. Nano-gold particles play an important role in many fields such as molecular detection, photothermal therapy, tumor diagnosis, and green catalysis. Below, I will mainly give a detailed overview of their applications in the field of biomedicine.

1. Application in biomolecular detection and recognition
The emergence of nano gold immunolabeling technology in 1971 made people see the huge application potential of nano-gold as an immunolabel. After decades of continuous development, the immunolabeling technology with nano-gold as a label has basically become mature. Has become one of the four major immunolabeling technologies. With the advancement of science and technology, people have a deeper understanding of the physical and chemical properties of nano-gold, which further expands the biological detection technology using nano-gold as a marker. Currently, nano-gold is mainly used to detect nucleic acids and proteins in biological detection. Based on its unique surface plasmon resonance effect, catalytic properties and high-density properties and other physical and chemical properties, nano-gold has unparalleled advantages in the field of biological detection as other markers, and it has huge application potential in the early diagnosis of tumors.

2. Application in cell imaging and photothermal therapy
The strong scattering properties of gold nanoparticles were first applied to the field of nano-gold cell imaging by researchers, and it is still the most commonly used method for nano-gold cell imaging. As long as the particle size of gold nanoparticles is larger than 20 nm, they can be easily observed in a dark-field scattering microscope. Compared with ordinary fluorescent groups, the scattered light of nano-gold particles can remain stable for a long time without being bleached. At the same time, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect of the nano-gold particles, the molecular electromagnetic field signal will be enhanced if it is on the surface of the nano-gold or within the range of less than 10 nm from the surface of the nano-gold. By extracting these enhanced electromagnetic field signals, Can be applied to biological imaging technology. Because the two-photon luminescence imaging technology of nano-gold has the advantage of much higher signal-to-noise ratio than dark-field microscopy, it has extremely high application potential in intracellular imaging. In addition, nano-gold particles can absorb near-infrared light to produce excessive heat behavior, which makes them play a great role in medical photothermal treatment.

3. Application in drug delivery and controlled release
Nano-gold has a relatively large specific surface area, and its surface is easy to modify. After chemical bonds and non-chemical bonds, the drug can be easily bound to the surface of nano-gold, thereby forming a nano-gold drug-carrying system. The drug-carrying system formed by nano-gold has the characteristics of increasing drug solubility, increasing cytotoxicity, and increasing drug stability. At present, nano-gold has been widely used in various fields of biomedicine as a carrier of various drugs. Using nano-gold as a drug carrier can not only protect drugs, improve drug activity, but also reduce the amount of drugs used and reduce medical costs.

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